Which of the following elements is NOT required to prove anti-fraud under Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act?

To prove a case of fraud under Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act, it is essential to establish specific elements, including reliance on the misrepresentation, intent to deceive, and a material misrepresentation or omission.

Reliance refers to the plaintiff's dependence on the misleading statements when making an investment decision. This means that the plaintiff must show they would not have made the investment had they known the truth.

Intent to deceive, also known as scienter, indicates that the individual making the misrepresentation knew that their statements were false or acted with a reckless disregard for the truth. This element is crucial, as it demonstrates a fraudulent state of mind.

Material misrepresentation involves a false statement or omission that is significant enough that a reasonable investor would consider it important when deciding to buy or sell a security.

However, the requirement for "disclosure of all information" is not necessary to prove anti-fraud claims under this section. The law does not impose an obligation on companies to disclose every piece of information; rather, it focuses on whether specific misleading information that was provided, or the omission of material information where disclosure is warranted, constitutes fraud. Therefore, this element is correctly identified as not required in the context of fraud claims under Section